MFGM is found in cow’s milk, too, but it’s only found in whole milk, and most formula brands use nonfat milk. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a mix of phospholipids, fats, and proteins naturally coating the fats in human milk.Young and Porto both said it’s worth feeding babies formula that includes these fatty acids for the potential benefits. Though DHA and ARA are not mandated by the FDA, almost all formulas now contain them. However, a systematic review of studies on DHA and ARA in formula have not shown conclusive benefits. Research suggests that DHA promotes brain and eye development, and that ARA plays a role in reducing inflammation. DHA and ARA are fatty acids present in human milk.Some formulas use whey protein exclusively without any casein protein. That’s because breast milk itself is whey predominant.” Human milk settles into a ratio that’s about 60% whey and 40% casein-though in the first few weeks after birth, human milk can be up to 90% whey.

Young generally advises first-time formula users (especially those whose babies have not yet started solids) to try a “formula that at least has some extra whey added.

Whey versus casein: Most formulas include whey protein in addition to casein protein to make the ratio of the milk proteins more similar to human milk.

Porto is skeptical that there would be any benefit, but acknowledged that for a baby who seems to have a milk-protein sensitivity, A2 milk formula could potentially be easier to digest, in the same way that formulas with broken-down (or hydrolyzed) proteins are. But some cows produce A2 beta-casein, which is used in A2 formulas and is claimed to be more similar to human milk. Most cow’s milk contains predominantly A1 beta-casein. A1 and A2 refer to the type of beta-casein (a protein) found in milk.

A2: In 2020, Enfamil, Gerber, and Similac released formulas featuring A2 milk.

You should consider these formulas only if your baby has a diagnosed medical need for them. Formulas with extensively hydrolyzed protein are sometimes called “hypoallergenic,” and they’re for babies who are allergic to milk proteins or those who have or are at risk for other medical issues.

Extensively hydrolyzed and amino acids: The proteins have been fully broken down into peptides or amino acids.

Formulas with this type of protein are often labeled “gentle” or “tender,” and they are marketed as being easier to digest.

Partially hydrolyzed: The milk proteins have been partly broken down, which makes them closer to the size of the proteins in human milk.

Baby formulas with intact proteins, often called “traditional” formulas, are the most commonly used.

Intact: The milk proteins have not been broken down.

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